木曽(きそ)
広域地名である。木曽の他、岐曽、岐蘇などと表記されることがある。木曽川は岐阜県にしても馴染みがあり、大小の河川が木曽川へ流れ込んでいる。これについて書くのはまだ時期尚早な気もするが、なにせゴールが迫っており、忘れる前に少し整理しておきたい。
岐阜県は長野県と境を接していて、岐阜県の側についてみると、旧の地名で吉城郡、大野郡、益田郡及び恵那郡と接する。御岳山を始め高山がそびえ立つ山脈が境になっているという方が分かりよいかも知れない。
上記四郡は飛騨にあたり、中濃や北濃などの美濃地区より更に東部方言がはっきり見て取れる。ここでは谷地名も見られるが、美濃より沢地名が更に多い。
昨今、沢は「さは」「さわ」と呼ばれる場合が多い。それでも飛騨、美濃地区で数十例は「そ」「ぞ」と呼ばれている。私は「さは」が意味を変えずに「そ」へ音変化したと解している。つまり訓である。これまで「水沢上(みぞれ)」シリーズや「平曽(ひらそ)」等でこれを示してきた。凡そ今回の「木曽」の「曽」も「沢」と解してみたいのである。
これまで唱えられてきた「木曽」の語源説はそれほど多くない。ここでは『アイヌ語より見たる日本地名研究』(ジョン バチェラー著)を引いてみると、
〇 「キ」はアイヌ語で輝く意
〇 「ソ」はアイヌ語で川床、又は滝
とあり、「キソ」は「輝く滝」「輝く滝川」と解されている。ただ岐阜、長野で古くは「沢」を「ソ」「ゾ」と呼ぶ例が多いので違和感がある。「大沢」は「オホゾ」、「平沢」は「ヒラソ」、「中沢」は「ナカゾ」という具合に、沢の前に来る「大」「平」「中」などの語は殆んど全て訓読みされるので、「〇ソ」の地名は和語と考えてよいのではあるまいか。またアイヌ語で沢を「ナイ」、これより大きい川を「ベツ」辺りと考えると、「ソ」で「沢」「川」を代表するのは難しい気がする。
「ソ」が和語とすれば、「木」「岐」も又それぞれ訓とみればよかろうから、「木の豊かな」「枝分かれの多い」というような意味が考えられる。
木曽の用例は恵那郡と大野郡に三例ほどあり、信濃との関連が考えられそうなものもあるが、小木曽(旧大野郡丹生川村坊方 コギソ)などは語源に近い用例と見てよいのではあるまいか。 髭じいさん
木曽(Kiso)
It is a wide area name. It is sometimes written as 岐曽(Kiso),岐曽 (Kiso), or 岐蘇(Kiso). The Kiso River is familiar even in Gifu Prefecture, and many large and small rivers flow into it. It may be a little early to write about this, but the finish line is approaching, so I would like to organize it a little before I forget.
Gifu Prefecture shares a border with Nagano Prefecture, and from the Gifu side, it borders with the old names of Yoshiki County, Ono County, Masita County, and Ena County. It may be easier to understand if you think of the mountain range with its towering mountains, including Mt. Ontake, as the border.
The four Counties mentioned above are in Hida, and the eastern dialect is more clearly seen here than in the Mino districts such as Chuno and Hokuno. There are also valley place names here, but there are more narrow river place names than in Mino.
Nowadays, narrow river is often called “saha” or “sawa”. However, there are several dozen examples in the Hida and Mino regions where it is called “so” or “zo”. I interpret “saha” as a phonetic change to “so” without changing the meaning. In other words, it is a reading. I have shown this in the “Mizore” series and “Hiraso”. In general, I would like to interpret the “so” in “Kiso” as “narrow river”.
There have not been many theories on the origin of the name “Kiso” so far. Here, I will quote from “A Study of Japanese Place Names from the Ainu Language” (written by John Batchelor):
〇 “Ki” means to shine in Ainu language
〇 “So” means riverbed or waterfall in Ainu language.
It is said that “Kiso” is interpreted as “shining waterfall” or “shining waterfall stream”. However, in Gifu and Nagano, there are many examples of “sawa” (narrow river) being called “so” or “zo” in the old days, his opinion seems odd. Almost all words that come before “sawa” , such as “dai”, “hira” or “naka”, are read in kun-yomi readings, such as “Osawa” as “ohozo”, “hirasawa” as “hiraso”, and “nakazawa” as “nakazo”, so it may be fair to consider place names with “〇-so” to be Japanese words. Also, if we consider that in Ainu, a sawa is “nai” and a river larger than that is something like “betsu”, it seems difficult to represent “sawa” or “river” with “so”.
If “so” is a Japanese word, then “ki” and “gi” can also be seen as kun readings, so possible meanings include “abundant trees” or “many branches.”
There are about three examples of the use of Kiso in Ena District and Ono District, and some of them seem to be related to Shinano, but I think it is safe to say that Kogiso (formerly Kogiso, Boukata, Nyukawa Village, Ono County) is an example that is close to the origin of the word.
Higejiisan